A generalized super AKNS hierarchy associated with orthosymplectic Lie superalgebra OSP(2,2) and its super bi-Hamiltonian structures

For the orthosymplectic Lie superalgebra $\text{◂⋅▸}OSP(2,2)$, we choose a set of basis matrices. A linear combination of those basis matrices presents a spatial spectral matrix. The compatible condition of the spatial part and the corresponding temporal parts of the spectral problem leads to a generalized super AKNS (GSAKNS) hierarchy. By making use of the supertrace identity, the obtained GSAKNS hierarchy can be written as the super bi-Hamiltonian structures.     

Radial breathing-mode frequency of elastically confined spherical nanoparticles subjected to circumferential magnetic field

Knowledge of the vibrational properties of nanoparticles is of fundamental interest since it is a signature of their morphology, and it can be utilized to characterize their physical properties. In addition, the vibration characteristics of the nanoparticles coupled with surrounding media and subjected to magnetic field are of recent interest. This paper develops an analytical approach to study the radial breathing-mode frequency of elastically confined spherical nanoparticles subjected to magnetic field. Based on Maxwell's equations, the nonlocal differential equation of radial motion is derived in terms of radial displacement and Lorentz's force. Bessel functions are used to obtain a frequency equation. The model is justified by a good agreement between the results given by the present model and available experimental and atomic simulation data. Furthermore, the model is used to elucidate the effect of nanoparticle size, the magnetic field and the stiffness of the elastic medium on the radial breathing-mode frequencies of several nanoparticles. Our results reveal that the effects of the magnetic field and the elastic medium are significant for nanoparticle with small size.     

Sobolev Stability of Plane Wave Solutions to the Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation

This article explores the questions of long time orbital stability in high order Sobolev norms of plane wave solutions to the NLSE in the defocusing case.     

The Performance of Jatropha Curcas Linn. Capsule Husk as Feedstocks Biogas in One Phase Anaerobic Digestion

Jatropa curcas Linn. (JcL) capsule husk was not recommended as biogas feedstocks. However for biorefinery purpose, several technologies have been conducting to solve this problem. This research reported quantity and quality comparison of Dry Husk Jcl (DH-JcL) in one phase system of batch digester compare with semi continuous digester. HDPE drum of 80 L working volume used as digester with 40 days hydraulic retention time. Feeding of DH-Jcl and solvent water was mixed on concentration of 1: 8. Research conclusion showed that semi continuous digester was better than batch digester. Biogas quality showed that methane content can reach 66.61% to 83.15% and biogas quantity in semi continuous digester can reach 0.016 m³ · kg^–1 DH JcL. The result was not in optimize condition yet because ratio number of volatile fatty acids/ alkalinity showed 0.5, it was indicated unstable anaerobic degradation process of DH-JcL.     

Rocky coast processes: with special reference to the recession of soft rock cliffs

Substantial progress in research on the recession of coastal cliffs composed of soft materials has been made in recent years and data with higher accuracy have been accumulated. This paper provides the state of the art review in the recession studies and highlights two new findings obtained from the reanalysis of existing data. The review topics are: episodic and localized nature of cliff recession; the development of cliffline; the relationship between cliff height and recession rate; mechanisms of cliff toe erosion by waves; a fundamental equation for wave-induced toe erosion; factors controlling toe erosion; and slope instabilities and mass movements. The findings are presented on (1) the temporal change in cliffline recession mode and (2) the effect of beach sediment at the cliff base on the cliff erosion.     

Travelling waves in dilatant non-Newtonian thin films

We prove the existence of a travelling wave solution for a gravity-driven thin film of a viscous and incompressible dilatant fluid coated with an insoluble surfactant. The governing system of second order partial differential equations for the film's height h and the surfactant's concentration γ are derived by means of lubrication theory applied to the non-Newtonian Navier–Stokes equations.     

Efficient monooleoyl glycerol synthesis employing hybrid ultrasonic-infrared-wave promoted reactor: Concurrent catalytic and noncatalytic esterification kinetics

For the first time, intensification of monooleoyl glycerol (MOG) synthesis has been investigated in an ultrasonic-infrared-wave (USIRW) promoted batch reactor. Esterification of octadecanoic acid (ODA) with glycerol (Gl) has been conducted [using Amberlyst 36 wet catalyst] in three different reactors, namely traditional batch reactor (TBR), infrared wave promoted batch reactor (IRWPBR), and USIRW-promoted batch reactor (USIRWPBR) to assess the relative efficacy. The energy-efficient USIRWPBR remarkably intensifies the ODA-Gl esterification as manifested through superior ODA conversion (92.5 ± 1.25%) compared to that achieved in IRWPBR (79.8 ± 1.2%) and TBR (36.39 ± 1.25%). The most favorable reaction condition for optimum ODA conversion and maximum MOG yield was identified through statistical optimization over a selected parametric range, namely 3-5 Gl/ODA mole ratio, 0.004-0.006 g/mL Amberlyst 36 catalyst concentration, 300-700 rpm impeller speed, and 333-353 K reaction temperature. The present study also reports the formulation and validation of an innovative reaction kinetics, that is, concurrent noncatalytic and heterogeneously catalyzed (CNCHC) reaction mechanism in addition to the conventional heterogeneous kinetic models (LH and Eley-Rideal mechanisms). Under combined USIRW, the CNCHC esterification mechanism could best describe ODA-Gl esterification (R² = 0.98) compared to LH (R² = 0.97) and Eley-Rideal (R² = 0.88) mechanisms. The optimal product (MOG) was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis to assess its crystallization property and thermal stability for possible application as plasticizer/fuel additives.     

Dicationic disiloxane ionic liquids

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Catalytic activity of Pt and Pd in gaseous reactions of H2 and CH4 oxidation at low pressures

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